Movement control both within and across pianos is essential for optimal performance, and in that sense, each instrument presents a type of task constraint. Pianists often refer to the distinct “feel” of a particular instrument: its responsiveness and sensitivity key resistance and the evenness and predictability of the instrument. A crucial constraint particular to piano performance is adapting to the unique attributes of a wide variety of keyboard instruments. Like athletes, musicians adapt to a wide variety of constraints such as the presence and effect of spectators acoustics in different performing spaces humidity affecting tuning and interpersonal interactions characterizing chamber and ensemble music. The constraints to action model suggests that movement patterns arise from within a framework of environmental, task, and personal constraints. Variation in one form or another is an inevitable aspect of human motor performance as the body negotiates the degrees of freedom problem while also adapting to ever-changing task constraints.
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